五大酸類速覽表
| 酸類 | 主要做什麼 | 常見成分 | 強度 | 處方/開架 | 孕期 |
|---|
| 外用 A 酸 | 痘痘、抗老、淡斑 | Tretinoin / Adapalene / Tazarotene / Trifarotene | | 處方 | |
| A 醇 / 視黃醛 | 抗老、初老淡紋 | Retinol / Retinaldehyde / Retinyl palmitate | ~ | 開架 | |
| 杜鵑花酸 | 痘痘 + 泛紅 + 美白 | Azelaic acid 15-20% | | 處方/開架皆有 | |
| 果酸 (AHA) | 角質代謝、淡斑、暗沈 | Glycolic / Lactic / Mandelic / Citric | ~ | 開架(高濃度需診所) | 低濃度可 |
| 水楊酸 (BHA) | 粉刺、毛孔、油痘 | Salicylic acid 0.5-2% | | 開架(高濃度需診所) | 低濃度小範圍可 |
白話版選擇邏輯 — 有痘痘?優先 A 酸或杜鵑花酸。怕細紋?A 酸或 A 醇。粉刺多油性肌?水楊酸。膚色暗沈?果酸或杜鵑花酸。孕期/哺乳?杜鵑花酸最安心。
外用 A 酸 — Topical Retinoids
1. Tretinoin(全反式 A 酸,第一代)
處方孕期禁用
商品名:Retin-A、A-Ret、A-Acne、Stieva-A、Retacnyl 等。
常用濃度:0.025% / 0.05% / 0.1%。
主要功能:痘痘、粉刺、抗老、輕度色素沉澱。
特性:歷史最悠久(1970s)、效果最直接,但刺激性也最強。光不穩定、被 BPO(過氧化苯醯)分解,所以這兩個不能同時擦。建議晚上用。
2. Adapalene(第三代,Differin / 痘膚潤)
處方孕期禁用
常用濃度:0.1% / 0.3%。在美國 0.1% 已轉成 OTC。
主要功能:痘痘 first-line;角質正常化、抗發炎雙效。
特性:比 Tretinoin 溫和許多、光穩定、可以跟 BPO 同時用。新手最推薦從 Adapalene 0.1% 開始。
3. Tazarotene / Trifarotene(第三、四代)
處方孕期禁用
Tazarotene 0.045%-0.1%(藥膏 / 藥乳液);效力強、用於頑固痘痘與乾癬。
Trifarotene 0.005%(Aklief)是最新第四代,專為痘痘設計、可以擦軀幹(背痘、胸痘),刺激性介於 Tretinoin 與 Adapalene 之間。
A 醇 / 視黃醛 — Retinol / Retinaldehyde
4. Retinol(視黃醇)
開架孕期建議避免
常見濃度:0.1% – 1%(精華/乳/霜)。
原理:它不是真正的 A 酸 — 擦在皮膚上,需要 2 步驟酶轉換 才會變成 A 酸發揮作用 → 所以效果比 A 酸弱很多但溫和很多。
適合:初老、入門抗老、輕度粉刺、無法忍受處方 A 酸刺激的人。
注意:同樣怕光、怕氧化。挑深色不透光的鋁管或滴管包裝。
5. Retinaldehyde(視黃醛)
開架孕期建議避免
常見濃度:0.05% – 0.1%。
特性:距離 A 酸只剩 1 步轉換 → 效果比 Retinol 強、刺激性適中,藥廠常用作「進階入門」選項。台灣常見品牌:Avène 雅漾、ROC 等。
6. Retinyl palmitate(視黃醇酯)— 最弱
開架
需要 3 步轉換才有效,實際抗老效果非常微弱。出現在很多便宜開架抗老乳的成分表裡 → 看到只有它,基本就是「廠商沒誠意」。
外用 retinoid 強度排名(由強到弱):Tazarotene ≧ Tretinoin > Adapalene ≈ Trifarotene > Retinaldehyde >> Retinol >>> Retinyl palmitate。
杜鵑花酸 — Azelaic Acid
7. Azelaic acid 15% / 20%(Skinoren、Finacea、AzClear、雅若)
處方/部分開架孕期可用
常用濃度:15% gel(玫瑰痤瘡為主)、20% cream(痘痘為主),低濃度開架版本約 10%。
三合一機轉:
- 抗發炎 — 對發炎性痘痘、玫瑰痤瘡的紅腫很有效。
- 抑制酪胺酸酶(tyrosinase) — 能美白,對痘印、肝斑都有幫助。
- 抑制痤瘡桿菌 — 抗菌不產生抗藥性。
特性:個性溫和、不光敏感、孕期哺乳期可以使用(列入孕期可用首選)。可早晚用。可與多數成分共用。
缺點:有人擦了會輕微刺癢、燒灼,通常 1-2 週適應後消失。
果酸 — AHA
8. Glycolic acid(甘醇酸,從甘蔗來)
開架低濃度可
常用濃度:5% – 10%(日常),20% – 70%(診所換膚)。
特性:分子最小、滲透最深、效果最強的果酸,但刺激性也最大。
用途:角質代謝、淡斑、改善暗沈、皮膚紋理。
9. Lactic acid(乳酸)
開架低濃度可
分子比甘醇酸大、刺激性較低、保濕能力更好(NMF 天然保濕因子之一)。適合敏感肌、乾性肌入門。
10. Mandelic acid(杏仁酸)
開架低濃度可
分子最大,刺激性最低,還有抗菌與抗黑色素作用 → 對發炎中的痘痘 + 痘印很合適。深膚色族群亞洲人很愛。
水楊酸 — BHA
11. Salicylic acid 0.5% – 2%
開架(2% 以下)低濃度小範圍可
核心特性:BHA 是親油性的酸,可以鑽到油脂多的毛孔深處把皮脂與角質溶解,所以對粉刺、毛孔粗大、油性皮膚特別有效。
常見產品:痘痘藥膏、痘痘洗面乳、收斂化妝水、棉片。
注意:大面積、高濃度、塗在受損皮膚會有水楊酸中毒(salicylism)風險,孕期不建議大面積使用。
順帶一提:PHA(多元羥基酸)
Gluconolactone、Lactobionic acid 等,分子比果酸更大、更溫和、有抗氧化作用。適合敏感肌、玫瑰痤瘡、酒糟肌、屏障受損的人入門。
怎麼開始?新手的入門劑量階梯
- 第 1-2 週:每週 1-2 次,只用一點點(豆子大小)。臉洗乾淨完全乾燥後再擦(濕的時候擦會增加刺激)。早上一定要防曬。
- 第 3-4 週:每週 3 次。如果適應好可以拉到隔日。
- 第 1-2 個月後:每天 1 次(晚上)。仍要防曬。
- 遇到刺癢、脫皮:暫停 2-3 天,改回更低頻率,加強保濕乳。
「三明治法」(sandwich technique)
對 A 酸刺激敏感的人:保濕 → A 酸 → 保濕,中間夾酸。可以明顯降低刺激而效果只略減。
必備搭擋:防曬
用酸 = 必須防曬。沒做防曬就用酸,等於開掛去曬黑、留色素。每天 SPF 30+ PA+++ 以上,出門前 15 分鐘擦。即使陰天、室內靠窗也算。
能不能跟誰一起用?混搭禁忌
| 組合 | 建議 | 原因 |
|---|
| 外用 A 酸 + BPO(過氧化苯醯) | Tretinoin 不要同時、改早晚分開;Adapalene 可以同時 | BPO 會把 Tretinoin 氧化分解;Adapalene 化學上比較穩定 |
| 外用 A 酸 + 維他命 C(L-AA) | 早 C 晚 A,分開用 | pH 不同、刺激加成 |
| 外用 A 酸 + 高濃度果酸 / 水楊酸 | 不建議疊加 | 三層去角質 → 屏障毀掉 |
| 果酸 + 水楊酸 | 不要全臉同時用 | 過度去角質、紅、刺、脫皮 |
| 杜鵑花酸 + 任何成分 | 幾乎都可以共用 | 個性最溫和的酸 |
| 外用酸 + 雷射 / 醫美術後 | 術後 1-2 週暫停 | 屏障還沒重建 |
| 外用酸 + 去角質磨砂膏 | 不要 | 機械 + 化學雙層攻擊 |
孕期 / 哺乳期 — 哪個能用、哪個不行
| 成分 | 孕期 | 哺乳期 | 說明 |
|---|
| 外用 A 酸(Tretinoin / Adapalene / Tazarotene / Trifarotene) | | | 致畸風險;雖然外用全身吸收極低,但仍建議避免 |
| A 醇 / 視黃醛(Retinol, Retinaldehyde) | (建議避免) | (建議避免) | 同上;雖實證有限,出於謹慎 |
| 杜鵑花酸(Azelaic acid) | | | 孕期可用首選 — 對痘痘、玫瑰痤瘡、淡斑都有用 |
| 果酸(AHA, 5-10% 居家) | (低濃度小範圍) | | 全身吸收極低 |
| 水楊酸(2% 以下、小範圍) | ️ | ️ | 避免大面積、高濃度;局部 spot treatment 可 |
| Bakuchiol(補骨脂酚) | (目前資料) | | 植物來源,被推為「孕婦版 retinol」,但長期資料有限 |
副作用、爆痘、反黑、刺癢
1. 「Retinoid dermatitis」— 用 A 酸的脫皮紅腫
第 1-2 週最明顯:乾、紅、刺、脫皮、緊繃。對策:減頻率、加保濕(神經醯胺、玻尿酸、角鯊烷、凡士林)、暫停其他活性成分、夾三明治。
2. 「Purging」— 爆痘
用 A 酸或高活性酸的前 2-8 週,部分人會「先變壞才變好」 — 已經要冒出來的微粉刺被加速浮現。正常生理現象,不是過敏,通常 6-8 週後會明顯改善。如果 12 週後仍然惡化,該回診評估。
3. 「PIH」— 發炎後色素沉澱(反黑)
用酸時皮膚屏障變薄、對紫外線敏感,沒做好防曬就容易曬黑、留下深色印。對深膚色亞洲人特別重要。每天嚴格防曬是不二法門。
4. 嚴重刺激或過敏
持續紅腫、起水泡、灼熱感、皮膚明顯撕裂 → 立刻停用、就醫。
常見 Q&A
新手該從哪一個開始?
三條路:① 痘痘為主:Adapalene 0.1%(處方)或 Azelaic acid 15-20%。② 初老抗老:Retinol 0.3-0.5% 或 Retinaldehyde 0.05%。③ 角質暗沈:Mandelic acid 5-10% 或 Lactic acid 5-10%。從低頻率(每週 1-2 次)開始。
用酸要不要先去角質?
不需要。酸本身就是化學去角質,額外用磨砂膏只會傷屏障。
用酸後可以馬上化妝嗎?
建議等 10-15 分鐘讓酸吸收乾。如果是早上的酸(果酸/杜鵑花酸),完全乾燥後可以正常化妝防曬。
用酸需要 pH 多少才有效?
果酸與水楊酸需要 pH 3-4 才能形成「自由酸」發揮作用。多數開架產品已經調好 pH,你不需要自己量。
用酸後一定會脫皮才有效嗎?
不一定。有些人從頭到尾都不脫皮,但效果一樣好(尤其 Adapalene 與杜鵑花酸)。脫皮不等於有效;不脫皮也不等於沒效。
用一陣子後皮膚開始適應、效果不如以前怎麼辦?
可以「升級」:從 Retinol → Retinaldehyde → 處方 A 酸,或從 Adapalene 0.1% → 0.3% → Tretinoin。建議與皮膚科醫師討論。
男生需要用酸嗎?
當然可以。男生皮脂分泌較多、毛孔較大,水楊酸與 Adapalene 對男性痘痘、粉刺、油痘很有用。記得仍要防曬。
身體上的酸 — 背痘、雞皮、角化症?
背痘 / 胸痘:Trifarotene 0.005%(Aklief)是首款專門設計給軀幹的外用 A 酸。雞皮(毛孔角化症 KP):乳酸 12% 身體乳、尿素、外用 A 酸都有效。改善有限但會比較平整。
用酸用到屏障壞掉怎麼救?
停用所有活性成分至少 2 週。只用:溫和洗面乳(無皂鹼、低 pH)、神經醯胺乳液、凡士林、防曬。等紅、刺、脫皮完全消失後再考慮重啟,且要降頻率重來。
有沒有「成分溫和但有效」的萬用酸?
有 — 杜鵑花酸 Azelaic acid。它同時抗痘、抗發炎、抗菌、美白、孕期可用、敏感肌可用。如果你只能挑一個酸,杜鵑花酸是 R2 我自己會推薦的萬金油。
最後
外用酸類是皮膚科最便宜、最有實證、最值得長期投資的保養之一。重點不是「用什麼牌子」,而是選對成分、低頻開始、做足防曬、給皮膚適應時間。如果你願意配合 8-12 週,通常會看到明顯成果。
下一步:把這篇傳給也在猶豫的朋友。如果你是醫師同行想看完整學理(receptor selectivity、pH/penetration、與 BPO/L-AA 相容性),歡迎跳到 學習筆記版 — Topical Retinoids & Acid Actives 完整整理。
Why these 5 topical "acids" are the foundation of acne / aging skincare
The five topical active families — retinoids, retinol-class precursors, azelaic acid, alpha hydroxy acids (AHA), and beta hydroxy acids (BHA) — are the most evidence-based ingredients in dermatology for acne, photoaging, hyperpigmentation, and overall skin renewal. Each works on a different molecular pathway, so they're often combined or rotated based on indication and skin type.
1. Topical retinoids (Tretinoin / Adapalene / Tazarotene / Trifarotene)
Mechanism: Bind to retinoic acid receptors (RAR α/β/γ) → modulate gene transcription → normalize keratinocyte differentiation, reduce comedone formation, anti-inflammatory effects, increase dermal collagen.
Generations:
- Tretinoin (1st gen) — gold standard for acne + photoaging; available 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%
- Adapalene (3rd gen, RARβ/γ-selective) — gentler, photo-stable, OTC in US (0.1%); now first-line per AAD 2024
- Tazarotene (3rd gen) — strongest; for psoriasis + acne
- Trifarotene (4th gen, RARγ-selective) — most selective; for back/chest acne
How to start: Pea-sized amount, every 3rd night for 2 weeks, then every other night, then nightly. Apply on dry skin only; wait 20 min after washing. Always pair with daily SPF 30+.
Side effects: Retinoid dermatitis (redness, peeling, dryness) in first 4-6 weeks is normal. Pregnancy: contraindicated (Category C/D depending on agent).
2. Retinol-class precursors (Retinol / Retinaldehyde / Retinyl esters / Bakuchiol)
These are cosmetic-grade precursors that the skin must convert to retinoic acid in 1-2 enzymatic steps before they're active. Less potent than prescription retinoids but better tolerated.
Conversion order (and relative potency):
- Retinyl palmitate → retinol → retinaldehyde → retinoic acid (active)
- Retinaldehyde is ~ 1/10–1/20 the potency of tretinoin but 5-10× retinol
- Retinol is ~ 1/100 the potency of tretinoin
- Bakuchiol — plant-derived non-retinoid that activates similar genes; useful in pregnancy as a "retinoid alternative" though evidence is weaker
Use case: Beginners, sensitive skin, pregnancy (bakuchiol only), maintenance after stopping prescription retinoids.
3. Azelaic Acid (杜鵑花酸)
A naturally-occurring dicarboxylic acid with three independent mechanisms:
- Anti-inflammatory (downregulates kallikrein 5)
- Anti-microbial (against C. acnes)
- Tyrosinase inhibitor (lightens pigmentation)
Strengths: 15% (Finacea, OTC) or 20% (Skinoren, prescription).
Best for: Acne + melasma + rosacea — uniquely positioned to handle multiple concerns. Pregnancy-safe (Category B), making it the #1 retinoid alternative.
4. Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA): Glycolic / Lactic / Mandelic
Mechanism: Water-soluble, work on the surface by loosening intercorneocyte bonds → exfoliation. Stimulates underlying collagen synthesis at higher concentrations.
Comparison:
- Glycolic acid (smallest molecule, 76 Da) — penetrates deepest, most irritating; 5-10% OTC, 30-70% in-clinic peels
- Lactic acid (90 Da) — humectant + gentler; for dry/sensitive skin
- Mandelic acid (152 Da) — slowest penetration, best for sensitive / darker skin (less PIH risk)
pH and free-acid percentage matter more than total concentration. AHA at pH 3.5-4 has substantial free-acid activity; pH > 6 means most is neutralized.
5. Beta Hydroxy Acid (BHA): Salicylic Acid
Lipid-soluble, so it penetrates into oily pores — uniquely effective for blackheads, whiteheads, and oily/combination skin. Anti-inflammatory at higher pH.
Strengths: 0.5-2% in OTC (Paula's Choice 2% BHA, CosRX), up to 30% in clinical peels.
Salicylates and aspirin allergy: rare but possible cross-reactivity; large surface application can theoretically cause systemic salicylism (avoid in children).
Combining acids — what works, what doesn't
| Active | Combine with | Avoid |
|---|
| Tretinoin | BPO (separately AM/PM), moisturizer, niacinamide | AHA (same day), L-AA (vit C, pH conflict) |
| Adapalene | BPO (compatible — Epiduo combo), AHA, niacinamide | Concentrated peels |
| Azelaic Acid | Almost everything — very compatible | — |
| AHA | Hyaluronic acid, ceramides | Retinoid same night, BHA daily |
| BHA | Niacinamide, hyaluronic acid | AHA daily (over-exfoliation) |
| L-AA (Vit C) | SPF (synergistic photoprotection), ferulic acid | Tretinoin (pH conflict; alternate AM/PM) |
Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety
| Active | Pregnancy | Breastfeeding |
|---|
| Tretinoin / Tazarotene / Trifarotene | ❌ Contraindicated | ❌ Contraindicated |
| Adapalene | ❌ Contraindicated (Cat C) | Caution |
| Retinol / Retinaldehyde | ❌ Avoid | Caution |
| Azelaic Acid | ✅ Cat B (preferred) | ✅ Safe |
| Glycolic / Lactic Acid (low %) | ✅ Probably safe | ✅ Safe |
| Salicylic Acid (low %, local) | ⚠ Limited area only | ⚠ Limited area |
| Bakuchiol | ✅ Likely safe (limited data) | ✅ Likely safe |
How to start (beginner protocol)
- Week 1-2: Pick ONE active. Apply every 3rd night, on dry skin, after a heavy moisturizer ("buffering" reduces irritation).
- Week 3-4: If tolerated, increase to every other night.
- Week 5+: Daily evening use if no irritation.
- Always: Daily SPF 30+ broad-spectrum in the morning. Stop and consult a dermatologist if persistent erythema, burning, or worsening acne occurs after week 6.
Common questions
Q: How long until I see results? Initial benefit at 4-8 weeks; significant improvement at 12 weeks; continued improvement up to 6-12 months.
Q: Should I expect a "purge" period? Some patients experience accelerated comedone surfacing in weeks 2-4 with retinoids — this is comedone evacuation, not new acne. Persists 2-6 weeks then improves.
Q: Can I use multiple acids together? Yes, but rotate days (Mon/Wed/Fri retinoid; Tue/Thu AHA) rather than stacking nightly. Daily simultaneous use significantly increases barrier disruption risk.
Q: When should I see a dermatologist? If acne persists >3 months on OTC, if scarring develops, or if you have moderate-severe baseline disease. Prescription tretinoin/adapalene + oral medication may be needed.
Note: All claims based on AAD 2024 acne guideline (Reynolds et al., JAAD 2024), Plewig & Kligman Acne and Rosacea 4th ed (2024), and Mukherjee et al. retinoid review (Clin Interv Aging 2006). See Chinese version for full reference list.
常見問題(PTT / Dcard 上常被問的)
Q
A 酸 / 杜鵑花酸 / 果酸 / 水楊酸 PTT 推薦的牌子?
A外用 A 酸 (prescription): Differin (adapalene), Stieva-A (tretinoin), Tazarotene.A 醇 (OTC): The Ordinary Granactive Retinoid, SkinCeuticals Retinol, L'Oreal Revitalift, Olay Pro Retinol.杜鵑花酸: Skinoren (prescription 20%), The Ordinary Azelaic 10%.果酸: Neostrata Glycolic, Drunk Elephant TLC.水楊酸: Paula's Choice 2% BHA, CosRX BHA.
Q
外用酸類多久看到效果?
A4-12 週 is the typical time to effect. During the first 2–4 weeks you may experience a「爆痘期」(purging) — accelerated turnover brings latent comedones to the surface; persist through this phase. Long-term use continues to improve skin quality, fade post-acne marks, and reduce comedones.
Q
外用酸類能跟其他保養品一起用嗎?
ASame evening — 避免疊加: retinoid + AHA/BHA, retinoid + vitamin C, retinoid + benzoyl peroxide. Use them on alternate nights or早 C 晚 A (vitamin C in the morning, retinoid at night). For oily / acne-prone skin, salicylic acid in the morning and retinoid (or retinol) at night on alternate days is a common pattern.
Q
孕婦能用什麼酸?
A絕對禁用: topical retinoids (tretinoin, adapalene, tazarotene), oral isotretinoin.避免: high-concentration salicylic acid (BHA) on the full face, high-concentration AHAs.可用: azelaic acid, low-concentration AHAs (lactic, glycolic 5–8%), PHA, niacinamide, hyaluronic acid.
Q
外用酸類健保給付嗎?
A處方 A 酸藥膏(Differin, Stieva-A, Tazarotene, Acnatac, Duac) are covered by Taiwan NHI (prescription only, ICD-10 acne diagnosis required).杜鵑花酸 Skinoren is also covered by Taiwan NHI. AHAs, salicylic acid, and retinol are all不給付 (classified as cosmeceuticals / out-of-pocket aesthetic medicine).
2026 重點補充:新藥與新指引
近年外用抗痘戰場有兩個顯著新成員,AAD 2024 已正式納入:
- Trifarotene 0.005% cream (Aklief): 4th-generation topical retinoid that selectively targets the RAR-γ receptor (the most abundant subtype in skin),獲核准用於臉部與軀幹(背、胸)痘痘. Traditional retinoids were studied mainly on facial acne; consider Aklief when the back/chest is involved.
- Clascoterone 1% cream (Winlevi):第一支外用抗雄激素, FDA-approved in 2020. Locally suppresses androgen signaling at the pilosebaceous unit — 男女都可用, applied twice daily to the full face. Important for male patients who previously had no topical anti-androgen option. Not yet available in Taiwan; may require self-pay or overseas purchase. AAD 2024 classifies as a conditional recommendation (high-quality evidence, but cost is a limitation).
參考資料
- Reynolds RV, Yeung H, Cheng CE, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris (2024 AAD).J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024;90(5):1006.e1-e30. 「來源」
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acne vulgaris: management (NG198). London: NICE; 2021 (last updated April 2026). NICE first-line therapy uses fixed-combination "retinoid + BPO" or "retinoid + topical antibiotic", consistent with AAD 2024.「來源」
- Mukherjee S, et al. Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging. Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1(4):327-348. 「來源」
- Schulte BC, et al. Azelaic acid: evidence-based update. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(9):964-968. 「來源」
- Tang SC, Yang JH. Dual effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on the skin. Molecules. 2018;23(4):863. 「來源」
- Tan J, et al. Trifarotene 50 µg/g cream for moderate facial and truncal acne — phase 3.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(6):1691-1699. 「來源」
- Hebert A, et al. Topical clascoterone cream 1% for acne — phase 3 trials.JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156(6):621-630. 「來源」
- UpToDate: Topical retinoids. Accessed 2026. 「來源」