Severe dengue:急性感染與 peak viremia 後,inflammatory mediators 造成 endothelial dysfunction 與 vascular leak;vascular leak 典型在發病後 3–6 days 出現,持續 24–48 hours,通常快速且完全恢復。p.3135
Clinical features(臨床表現)
Incubation 3–10 days;感染譜很廣,most being asymptomatic or subclinical111-27。p.3135
Around 10%–15% 表現為 self-limited febrile illness,典型為 elevated temperature(≤40°C)、severe headache、retro-orbital pain102-03 107-19 111-27、malaise、severe joint and muscle pain、nausea、vomiting,發燒 3–4 天後出疹111-27。p.3135
In about 5% of symptomatic patients,especially after a second infection111-27,severe dengue 併發 plasma leakage(with or without bleeding)。Critical phase 約在 defervescence(退燒)時,可導致 hypovolemic shock、organ failure、metabolic acidosis、DIC、severe hemorrhage。p.3135、p.3137
Only one of every 7 to 14 dengue infections is symptomatic111-27;表現從 self-limited fever 到 severe hemorrhagic fever 與 shock syndrome。p.3137
Day 3–5:generalized morbilliform dark erythematous eruption,帶有 areas of clearing,稱為 "islands of white in a sea of red"102-03,見於出疹病人的 70%(Fig. 169-1)。p.3137
This rash frequently involves the palms and soles,且 commonly 合併手腳 mild edema102-03 107-19;手掌腳掌侵犯之後可能(may)脫屑(desquamation)107-19。p.3137
Oral mucosal manifestations 雖然 rare:acute gingival and palate bleeding、dryness of the mouth、taste changes、舌與上顎 erythematous plaques and vesicles。p.3137
確診 dengue 的兒童 10%–20% 需住院。p.3137
Severe dengue 除 dengue hemorrhagic fever 與 plasma leakage 外,也可導致 hepatitis、neurologic disorders、myocarditis。If untreated,死亡率可高達(as high as)20%。p.3137
Most cases self-limited,多數病人無後遺症恢復;fatigue 可持續數週。p.3137
No specific antiviral therapy。有 warning signs 與 severe dengue 者:rehydration、supportive care、avoidance of nonsteroidal and steroidal antiinflammatory therapy、必要時輸血。p.3137
Approximately 70% 急性感染有症狀:abrupt onset of high fever(>39°C)、headache、severe polyarthralgia 與 myalgia,以及 erythematous maculopapular rash114-29(嚴重度從 mild and localized 到 generalized)。p.3141
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation may appear soon after the evanescence of the rash114-29。p.3141
也曾報告:facial flushing、xerosis with scaling、desquamation of palms、acute intertrigo-like lesions with genital or perianal ulceration、aphthous-like ulcers、acral lymphedema。p.3141
①錯誤Dengue 感染大多無症狀或亞臨床(Table 169-1:prodromal symptoms「usually none; 70% asymptomatic」),只有約 1/7–1/14 的感染有症狀,談不上多數有前驅症狀。Fitzpatrick 9e ch.169 p.3135;Fitzpatrick 9e ch.169 p.3136;Fitzpatrick 9e ch.169 p.3137
②正確Table 169-1 註明嬰兒因帶有母親抗體(maternal antibodies),感染後發生 severe dengue 的風險較高(infants at high risk of severe dengue)。Fitzpatrick 9e ch.169 p.3136
③錯誤正好相反:severe dengue(plasma leakage、出血)好發於第二次感染(especially after a second infection),第二次感染有約 5% 住院與 severe dengue 的風險。Fitzpatrick 9e ch.169 p.3135;Fitzpatrick 9e ch.169 p.3136
④正確典型表現為高燒、眼窩後疼痛、肌肉關節痛,發燒 3–4 天後出疹;實驗室異常包括 leukopenia、thrombocytopenia、transaminase 上升。Fitzpatrick 9e ch.169 p.3135;Fitzpatrick 9e ch.169 p.3137
①正確Dengue 有症狀者典型表現為高燒(≤40°C)合併嚴重頭痛、眼窩後疼痛、肌肉關節痛,發燒是診斷的核心表徵。Fitzpatrick 9e ch.169 p.3135
②錯誤(本題答案)官方答案把 leukopenia(白血球低下)列為不能協助診斷的表徵,可能是因為它屬實驗室檢查而非「臨床表徵」。但 Fitzpatrick 明列 leukopenia、thrombocytopenia(<100,000/mm³)、transaminase 上升為 dengue 的支持性檢驗異常。Fitzpatrick 9e ch.169 p.3136;Fitzpatrick 9e ch.169 p.3137
③正確Retro-orbital pain(眼窩後疼痛)是 classic dengue fever 的典型症狀,與高燒、嚴重頭痛、肌肉關節痛並列。Fitzpatrick 9e ch.169 p.3135
④錯誤(本題答案)官方答案認為手掌腳掌皮疹不能協助診斷;但 Fitzpatrick 寫第 3–5 天出現「islands of white in a sea of red」的 morbilliform 疹,常侵犯手掌腳掌(frequently involves the palms and soles)並伴手腳輕度水腫,之後可脫屑。Fitzpatrick 9e ch.169 p.3137