Linear IgA dermatosis(LAD,linear IgA bullous dermatosis):rare、immune-mediated 水疱病,定義是 cutaneous basement membrane 有 homogeneous linear deposits of IgA。p.992
Chronic bullous disease of childhood(CBDC):rare,主要發生在 <5 歲兒童,表皮基底膜有相同的 homogeneous linear IgA deposits;研究顯示 in some patients CBDC 與 LAD 是同一疾病的不同表現。p.992
Collier et al:CBDC 有 HLA-B8、HLA-DR3、HLA-DQ2 增加,成人 LAD 沒有;作者認為這些 haplotypes may 與較早發病有關。p.993
TNF2 allele 在成人與兒童 linear IgA disease 都比 unaffected subjects 增加,但與 HLA-DR3+ controls 相比則無增加。p.993
McKee 補充
Incidence:south of England 約 1 : 250 000;France 與 central Germany 0.5 per million;Singapore 0.26 per million;Utah 0.6 per 100 000;some consider underdiagnosed。McKee p.167
成人 LAD affects the sexes equally;年齡分布廣,peaks in teenagers and young adults 與 sixties。McKee p.167
Childhood LAD:F:M 1.6 : 1;average age of onset 6 years,very rare neonatal cases。McKee p.167
HLA-Cw7、-B8、-DR2、-DR3、-DQ2 表現增加;HLA-B8 報告比例 28%–56%(normal range 20–25%);no evidence of HLA-B12 增加。McKee p.167
3. Etiology & Pathogenesis: Immunopathology(免疫病理)
Cutaneous deposits(DIF)
LAD 與 CBDC 都以 dermal–epidermal BMZ 的 homogeneous linear band of IgA 定義。p.993
A minority 另有其他 immunoreactants:most often IgG,occasionally C3。p.993
Childhood LAD:mucous membrane lesions are common(64%)103-14;ocular symptoms 40%;conjunctival scarring approximately 21%;oral lesions up to 57%。McKee p.167
6. Drug-Induced Linear IgA Dermatosis(藥物引起的 LAD)
Vancomycin is the most common drug associated with linear IgA bullous dermatosis113-13;且 LAD 是 vancomycin 最常見的 nonimmediate hypersensitivity reaction。p.997
Most often associated with intravenous vancomycin;其他包括 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole、penicillin、phenytoin、lithium、amiodarone、captopril、ceftriaxone、IFN-alpha、amoxicillin、diclofenac、ketoprofen、infliximab、ustekinumab、HPV vaccination 等。McKee p.651
Vancomycin-induced 病灶 predilection for trunk、extremities、palms、soles;mucosal involvement up to 40%;因此可能與 EM、TEN 有 considerable clinical overlap;drug-induced LAD tends to be more severe than spontaneous forms。McKee p.651
DIF 依定義都有 linear IgA;C3 approximately 20%;linear IgG very exceptionally。McKee p.651–652
Circulating IgA anti-BMZ 抗體 25%;split skin predominantly 定位在 floor of the blister cavity。McKee p.652
Occasionally 浸潤以 eosinophils 為主,但 most frequently 以 neutrophils 為主。p.997
EM:水疱形成於 lamina lucida 內或 sublamina densa。p.997
Usually 難與 DH 區分:Smith et al 認為 LAD tended to 有較少 papillary microabscesses、BMZ 有較 diffuse 的 neutrophils;Blenkinsopp et al 則找不到顯著差異。In general,LAD、CBDC、DH 的病理 virtually indistinguishable。p.997–998
McKee 補充(Histology & Immunofluorescence)
Most frequently 呈 DH-like 特徵;occasionally 像 BP,sometimes 兩者混合;eosinophilic spongiosis may rarely be a feature。McKee p.168
Ultrastructural cleavage may 位於 lamina lucida 或 below the lamina densa。McKee p.168
DIF:homogeneous linear IgA 見於 100% 病人;uninvolved skin(particularly of the back)適合;oral mucosa 與 conjunctiva may 也有 IgA 沉積。McKee p.168
Linear IgA antigen 存在於所有 stratified squamous epithelia 與 amnion,但與 BP antigen 不同,不存在於 bladder mucosa。McKee p.168
IgG may 見於 up to 25%;IgM 與 C3 occasionally。McKee p.168
Low titer circulating IgA anti-BMZ 抗體 approximately 30%;以 conjunctiva 為 substrate may 提高到 up to 50%;blister fluid 也可做 IIMF。McKee p.168
Split skin IIF:IgA 可標記 epidermal side、dermal side 或兩側。McKee p.168
Western immunoblotting:dermal binding 抗原包括 285-kD、250-kD 與 type VII collagen;epidermal binding 抗原包括 BP230、BP180 與 200/280-kD 抗原;120 kD(LAD1)與 97 kD 是 BP180 的 proteolytic cleavage products。McKee p.169
9. Differential Diagnosis(鑑別診斷)
LAD often closely mimics DH;some patients may 有類似 BP、cicatricial pemphigoid、EBA,rarely 類似 TEN 的表現。p.998
CBDC 須與 childhood DH 及 childhood BP 區分。p.998
DIF 見 BMZ linear IgA,most often 沒有 IgG 與 C3 → 可與 BP、CP、EBA 區分;DH 則是 BMZ granular IgA。p.998
Table 58-3 Linear IgA bullous dermatosis differential diagnosis
Often adults at the 4th decade of life;slight female predominance
Adults(median age 75 vs 44.5,見註)
Occurs before 5 years of age;slight female predominance
Clinical presentation
Similar to DH;annular or grouped papules、vesicles、bullae on extensors(elbows、knees、buttocks);pruritus less severe than in DH
Vary from EM-like to TEN-like with widespread bullae;Koebner phenomenon may be present
Tense bullae in a「cluster-of-jewels」appearance;collarette of blisters may be present
Mucosal involvement
Oral involvement in up to 70%103-14
Less prominent than with linear IgA dermatosis102-30
Noted, but less commonly than in linear IgA dermatosis
Disease associations & triggers
Possible association with ulcerative colitis;UV light is the chief physical trigger
Vancomycin most commonly implicated113-13;IFN-α、influenza vaccine、lithium、phenytoin、TMP-SMX、furosemide、atorvastatin、captopril、diclofenac、ketoprofen、infliximab
Possible association with infectious mononucleosis 與 CGD 背景下的 Paecilomyces lung infection
Several case reports 提示(suggest)some patients may 對 antibiotics(sulfonamides、dicloxacillin、erythromycin)有反應;一個 case series 中 7 位兒童以 flucloxacillin 治療改善,4 位在 3 months 內緩解,但不能排除 spontaneous remission。p.999
McKee 補充
成人 LAD 為 sometimes self-remitting、dapsone 或 sulfonamide-responsive 的皮膚病。McKee p.167
Childhood LAD 原以為 self-limiting,現知症狀 may 持續超過 5 年(25%),occasionally 延續到成年;exceptionally 合併 IgA nephropathy。McKee p.167
③在藥物引發的linear IgA bullous dermatosis中,vancomycin是最常見的誘發藥物。
④在藥物引發的pemphigus中,penicillin與captopril是最常見的誘發藥物。
官方答案:D
只有④錯誤,答案 D。
①正確與 bullous pemphigoid 相關的藥物包括 penicillamine、efalizumab、etanercept、furosemide;也有 anti–PD-1 免疫檢查點抑制劑治療後發生 BP 的報告。McKee 也把 furosemide 列為藥物性 BP 的重要原因(近年雖有人質疑),anti-PD-1 治療亦有 pemphigoid-like reactions 的報告。Fitzpatrick 9e ch.54 p.946;Fitzpatrick 9e ch.45 p.753;McKee 5e p.652-653;McKee 5e p.669
③正確可誘發 linear IgA bullous dermatosis 的藥物很多,最常報告的是 vancomycin。McKee 亦寫 drug-induced linear IgA disease 最常與靜脈注射 vancomycin 相關,DIF 依定義皆有沿基底膜的 linear IgA 沉積。Fitzpatrick 9e ch.45 p.753;Fitzpatrick 9e ch.58 p.995;McKee 5e p.651
④錯誤(本題答案)Drug-induced pemphigus 最重要的藥物是 penicillamine 與 captopril(含 thiol/sulfhydryl 基團),不是 penicillin;penicillin 雖列在 Table 45-11,但不是最常見者。McKee 亦寫致病藥物多屬 thiol 類(penicillamine、captopril、bucillamine、thiopronine),penicillin 只是含硫、可形成 -SH 基的其他藥物之一。Fitzpatrick 9e ch.52 p.914;Fitzpatrick 9e ch.45 p.753;Fitzpatrick 9e ch.45 p.761;McKee 5e p.653